Section 1 EO C429.01 – EXPLAIN REGULATIONS AND OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR AVIATION TRANSMISSION AND LICENSING

The priority of messages by flight service stations are:

No person shall reveal the contents, or the existence of communications transmitted, received, or intercepted by a radio station. Exceptions to this rule include revealing the contents to:

The restrictions do not apply to the following messages:

An aircraft station will comply with instructions given by a ground station relating to:

The ground station normally retains transmission control with communications between ground and aircraft stations. The aircraft station called by another aircraft becomes the controlling station.

Radio communication between stations should be restricted to safety and flight regularity. Unauthorized communication, profane or obscene language, and calls that interfere with or interrupt the working of another radio station can result in a fine not exceeding $5 000 and / or imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year. Anyone who knowingly sends, transmits, or causes any false or fraudulent distress signal, message, call, or radiogram of any kind may receive similar fines and / or imprisonment. A corporation can be fined up to $25 000.

The 24-hour system is used to express time during radiocommunication. Time is expressed using four figures; the first two representing the hour past midnight and the last two representing the minutes past the hour.

Time is usually referenced to one standard time zone. If communication is conducted in a single time zone, local time is used.

Standard time zones are indicated as the following:

Examples of time references include:

Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), also known as Zulu time (Z) or Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), is used to avoid confusion between different time zones. An example of UTC is 0539Z expressed as ZERO FIFE TREE NINER ZULU.

To convert local time to Zulu time add: • 2.5 hours to Newfoundland Daylight Time (NDT), • 3.5 hours to Newfoundland Standard Time (NST), • 3 hours to Atlantic Daylight Time (ADT), • 4 hours to Atlantic Standard Time (AST), • 4 hours to Eastern Daylight Savings Time (EDT), • 5 hours to Eastern Standard Time (EST), • 5 hours to Central Daylight Savings Time (CDT), • 6 hours to Central Standard Time (CST), • 6 hours to Mountain Daylight Savings Time (MDT), • 7 hours to Mountain Standard Time (MST), • 7 hours to Pacific Daylight Savings Time (PDT), and • 8 hours to Pacific Standard Time (PST) .

The date is expressed as a six-figure group. The first two figures represent the day of the month and the last four figures indicate the time.

When referring to numbers, each digit is pronounced separately, except whole thousands. Whole thousands are communicated by pronouncing each digit in the number of thousands followed by the word thousand expressed as TOU-SAND. The word hundred is expressed as HUN-DRED. If a decimal is within the number, the word decimal is pronounced DAY-SEE-MAL. For example:

Monetary denominations are transmitted with groups of digits including the decimal. Dollars is expressed if monetary denomination is higher than one dollar. For example, $28.45 is expressed as DOLLARS TOO AIT DAY-SEE-MAL FOWER FIFE.

Altitude above sea level is expressed in thousands plus hundreds of feet. Separate digits are used to express flight level. For example:

Aircraft type numbers are expressed in group forms. For example:

Wind speed and cloud formation heights are expressed in group forms. For example:

Aircraft headings are given in groups of three digits. For example:

Aerodrome elevation is expressed in feet using the expression FIELD ELEVATION. For example:

Words and Phrases

Slang expressions are not used during radiocommunication procedures including: • ten-four, • over and out, • breaker-breaker, and • come in please.

Standard phrases and words are used whenever applicable including:

Call Signs

Call signs are assigned for identification purposes and should be used when contact is being established and again when communications are concluded. An aircraft's call sign can be the same as the aircraft's markings. Transport Canada (TC) assigns call signs and marks to aircraft.

Aircraft marks include C- (Canadian nationality mark) followed by the four–letter registration marks with aircraft letters starting with G or F and ultralight letters starting with I. Aircraft registered before January 1, 1974 are identified with the nationality mark CF.

Aeronautical call signs are pronounced phonetically. During the initial contact, the manufacturer's name or type of aircraft is included, followed by the four letters of the registration. In further communications, the caller letters can be abbreviated to the last three letters.

Air carriers. Companies use their name followed by the flight number or the last three characters of the aircraft registration.

Civil registration. Private aircraft use the manufacturer's name or the type of the aircraft followed by the last four letters of the registration.

Ground stations. The name of the airport or its geographical location followed by a suitable word indicating the function of the station.

Examples:

A ground station that has a radio message for an aircraft within its operational service area may call the aircraft. When a ground station receives calls from several aircraft, the ground station will decide the order to take the calls.

If the radio conditions are good, the station's call sign is stated once but if conditions are poor, it is stated three times.

All stations shall listen to the communication channel before transmitting to ensure the transmission will not interfere with communication already in progress.

A station that has distress, urgency, or safety communications to transmit can interrupt a transmission of lower priority that is in progress.

The call sign of the station or aircraft being called is always spoken first followed by THIS IS and the calling station's or aircraft's call sign.

Single Station Call

A transmission is sent to a single station by stating:

Example:

OTTAWA TOWER, (OTTAWA TOWER, OTTAWA TOWER),

THIS IS,

CESSNA WUN SEVEN TOO FOXTROT ALFA DELTA TANGO,

ON FREQUENCY WUN WUN AIT DAY-SEE-MAL SEVEN,

OVER.

All Station General Call

When a station needs to establish communication with any station within range or in a certain area, the call should be made to all stations.

Example:

ALL STATIONS, ALL STATIONS, ALL STATIONS,

THIS IS,

TORONTO RADIO (say three times if necessary),

BE ADVISED OF ___ IN THE AREA ___,

OUT.

Multiple Station Call

When more than one station is being called, the call signs of the desired stations may be transmitted in any sequence followed by THIS IS. The operators replying to multiple station calls should reply in the order in which they were called.

Example:

CESSNA WUN SEVEN TOO FOXTROT NOVEMBER INDIA LIMA,

PIPER FOXTROT X-RAY QUEBEC QUEBEC,

PIPER GOLF LIMA LIMA DELTA,

THIS IS,

TORONTO RADIO (say three times if necessary),

OVER.

Operators hearing a call directed to their station shall reply as soon as possible and advise the calling station to proceed, GO AHEAD or not to proceed with the message, STAND BY followed by the anticipated number of minutes of delay.

Example:

CESSNA WUN SEVEN TOO FOXTROT NOVEMBER INDIA LIMA,

THIS IS,

TORONTO TOWER,

GO AHEAD.

PIPER GOLF LIMA LIMA DELTA,

THIS IS,

TORONTO TOWER,

STAND BY TOO MINUTES.

Corrections and Repetitions

If an error is made during a transmission, the word correction is spoken followed by the correct word or phrase.

Example: PROCEED TO DOCK FIFE CORRECTION DOCK SEVEN.

If the receiving station requires an entire message to be repeated, the operator states SAY AGAIN. If only a portion of the message is required, the receiving station says the following:

Example:

VANCOUVER RADIO,

THIS IS,

STINSON FOXTROT ALFA BRAVO CHARLIE,

SAY AGAIN ALL BEFORE HANGAR,

OVER.

WINNIPEG TOWER,

THIS IS,

STINSON FOXTROT ALFA BRAVO CHARLIE,

SAY AGAIN ALTITUDE TO DESCEND,

OVER.

MONTREAL CENTRE,

THIS IS,

STINSON FOXTROT ALFA BRAVO CHARLIE,

SAY AGAIN ALL AFTER FLIGHT PLAN,

OVER.

Message Handling Procedures

When transmitting a message, the radio operator should:

1.Plan the message content before transmitting.

2.Listen briefly before starting to transmit the message to avoid interfering with other transmissions.

3.Deliver the radio message clearly and concisely using standard phrases.

The message format normally consists of the following four parts:

1.The call sign indicating the addressee and the originator.

2.The addressee reply.

3.The message.

4.The acknowledgement or ending.

The words THIS IS and OVER can be omitted on subsequent calls once the initial contact has been made with the addressee.

Example:

Call-up by aircraft	BROCKVILLE RADIO, THIS IS, PIPER FOXTROT ALFA BRAVO CHARLIE, OVER.
Reply by ground station	PIPER FOXTROT ALFA BRAVO CHARLIE, THIS IS, BROCKVILLE RADIO, GO AHEAD.
Message–Aircraft	BROCKVILLE RADIO, PIPER FOXTROT ALFA BRAVO CHARLIE, FOWER MILES AT WUN THOUSAND, LANDING BROCKVILLE.
Message–Ground	PIPER FOXTROT ALFA BRAVO CHARLIE, BROCKVILLE RADIO, ROGER, WIND WUN SIX ZERO DEGREES AT WUN FIFE KNOTS, ALTIMETER TOO NINER NINER SEVEN.
Acknowledgement–Aircraft	BROCKVILLE RADIO, PIPER FOXTROT ALFA BRAVO CHARLIE, ROGER, OUT.

Signal (or Radio) Checks

Call using the appropriate frequency that will not interfere with the normal work of other aircraft or ground stations.

A signal (or radio) check is conducted by:

•

calling another aircraft or ground station to request a signal check;

•

stating signal (or radio) check 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. How do you read me? Over;

•

including station call sign;

•

transmitting the signal for less than 10 seconds; and

•

replying or receiving a reply to a signal (or radio) check, use the following readability scale:

◦

1–bad (unreadable),

◦

2–poor (readable now and then),

◦

3–fair (readable but with difficulty),

◦

4–good (readable), and

◦

5–excellent (perfectly readable).

Communication checks are categorized as follows:

•

signal check (made while aircraft is airborne),

•

pre-flight check (made prior to departure), and

•

maintenance check (made by ground maintenance).

Example:

Call-up by aircraft	WATSON LAKE RADIO, THIS IS, CESSNA FOXTROT ALFA BRAVO CHARLIE, REQUEST SIGNAL CHECK ON FREQUENCY FIFE SIX DAY-SEE-MAL AIT ZERO.
Response by station	CESSNA FOXTROT ALFA BRAVO CHARLIE, THIS IS, WATSON LAKE RADIO, READING YOU STRENGTH FIFE, OVER.